Many cyclists focus on pushing harder, but true efficiency comes from controlled, stable movement. A proper pedaling technique enhances power output, reduces fatigue, and prevents injury.
1. The Two-Phase Pedal Stroke
Unlike the common four-phase breakdown, an efficient pedal stroke consists of two key phases:
🔹 Active Phase (1 o’clock – 5 o’clock): This is where the work happens. A stable foot-ankle (inclined downward 10–20°), relaxed core, and smooth pedal speed allow the rider to push the pedal forward-down in a motion that aligns with the most effective force direction—tangential to the chainring.
🔹 Recovery Phase (5 o’clock – 1 o’clock): The leg returns to the top passively, retrieving only its own weight with no engagement with the pedal. Trying to "pull up" is inefficient and disrupts pedaling smoothness.
2. Foot-Ankle Position: The Key to Power Transfer
A stable foot-ankle is essential for consistent force application. Keeping the ankle fixed and slightly downward (10–20°) optimizes the force direction, ensuring energy is applied efficiently without unnecessary movement.
3. Common Mistakes & How to Fix Them❌ Hammering the pedals → ✅ Maintain a controlled, steady application of force without sudden bursts.
❌ Dropping the heel → ✅ Keep the foot-ankle stable at the correct angle to optimize power transfer.
❌ Uneven crank rotation speed → ✅ Focus on a smooth cadence to avoid inefficiencies and excessive muscle fatigue.
4. The Role of Cadence & Bike Fit

• Cadence: Consistency matters more than raw speed. A smooth and controlled cadence reduces strain and improves endurance.
• Bike Fit Matters: An optimized position ensures proper foot stability, reducing unnecessary ankle movement and improving efficiency.

🔹 Final Thought: Efficiency isn’t about pushing harder—it’s about moving smarter. A stable foot-ankle and smooth power delivery can transform your cycling performance.

From a medical standpoint, crank length primarily impacts the hip and knee joints. At top dead center (TDC), the hip reaches maximum flexion, and we need to generate significant force. However, working hard at a joint's extreme range isn't ideal. Shorter cranks reduce hip strain at TDC, promoting better comfort and longevity.
From a performance perspective, shorter cranks engage the quads and glutes earlier and support a more aerodynamic position. The trade-off? Slightly reduced torque, requiring a higher cadence to maintain power.
Recently, more athletes have been diagnosed with Flow-Limited Iliac Artery (FLIA)—a condition restricting blood flow to the leg, causing sharp pain and power loss. Extreme aerodynamic positioning is a suspected contributor. High-profile cyclists like Joe Dombrowski, Fabio Aru, Annemiek Van Vleuten, and Carlotta Fondriest have all been affected.
Shorter cranks might not be a universal solution, but they can help reduce joint strain and potentially lower FLIA risk—something worth considering for both comfort and performance.

SHORTER CRANKS ARE BETTER❤️

48 hours to the Urban Hill Climb 2024 in London, Swains Lane. Saturday 28 September at 12.00am start with kids, cargo bikes, e-bikes, folders, fast climbers racers & more. Thanks to the London Cycling Campaign for organising. ​

This year Tour de France Grand Depart will be from Firenze and Emilia-Romagna in Italy.
A few days before the start of the Tour, Science & Cycling 2024 Conference will host experts from the competitive cycling world and scientists will exchanging the latest research and experiences. Participants will consist of researchers, doctors, nutrition experts, sports directors, cycling organisations, coaches and cyclists/triathletes. 

Extreme brake hoods inwards position likely to be regulated soon.
UCI to clamp down on extreme brake lever position | Cycling Weekly

Science & Cycling conference is a place where experts from the competitive cycling world and scientists will exchange the latest research and experiences. The conference will take place June 28-29, before the start of the Tour de France, this year in Bilbao, Spain.
The participants consist of researchers, doctors, nutrition experts, sports directors, cycling organisations, trainers and cyclists/triathletes. 
Looking forward to Science & Cycling, Bilbao 2023!

It is worth to have a read, understanding terminology and meaning.
​Guide de clarification du règlement technique (ctfassets.net)​

Professional cyclists have finished their holidays and getting ready to travel to Spain where they'll improve their preparation for the 2023 season.
They have already started their training at the base training and core strength work.
The off-season is over - Professional riders begin preparations for 2023 | Cyclingnews 

Questions and Answers thanks to BICIdaSTRADA.it
Which saddle angle is the right one? Do we need to tilt the saddle down? What about tilting the saddle up? Do you experience numbness in the perineal region?
You can read a few reasonable responses at 
DOMANDE - Qual è la corretta inclinazione della sella? - BiciDaStrada
Look at your web browser for the translating option from Italian to English.​